Antiquity
Agamede (12th century BCE), (possibly mythical) physician in Ancient Greece
Aglaonike (2nd century BCE), the first woman astronomer in Ancient Greece
Agnodike (4th century BCE), the first woman physician to practice legally in Athens
Arete of Cyrene (5th–4th centuries BCE), natural and moral philosopher, North Africa
Artemisia of Caria (c. 300 BCE), botanist[citation needed]
Aspasia of Miletus (4th century BCE), philosopher and scientist
Cleopatra the Alchemist - identity is unclear, but her book, The Chrysopoeia of Cleopatra, is[1] first recorded as existing in the 2nd century A.D./C.E. in Alexandria.
Diotima of Mantinea (4th century BCE), philosopher and scientist, ancient Greece (sources vary as to her historicity; possibly a fictionalized character based on Aspasia of Miletus)
Enheduanna (c. 2285–2250 BCE), Sumerian/Akkadian astronomer and poet
Hypatia of Alexandria (370–415), mathematician and astronomer, Egypt
Lastheneia of Mantinea, (5th century BCE), student of Plato
Mary the Jewess (1st or 2nd century CE), alchemist
Merit Ptah (c. 2700 BCE), Egyptian physician
Pythias of Assos (4th century BCE), marine zoologist[citation needed]
Tapputi-Belatekallim ([2] first mentioned in a clay tablet dating to 2000 BCE), Babylonian perfumer, the first person in history recorded as using a chemical process
Theano (6th century BCE), philosopher, mathematician and physician
[edit]Middle Ages
Abella (14th century), Italian physician
Bettina d'Andrea (d. 1335), Italian lawyer and philosopher
Novella d'Andrea (d. 1333), Italian lawyer
Hildegard von Bingen (1099–1179), German natural philosopher
Dorotea Bocchi (fl. 1390), Italian professor of medicine
Constance Calenda (15th century), Italian surgeon specialising in diseases of the eye[2][3]
Constanza, Italian physician[2]
Calrice di Durisio (15th century), Italian physician
Jacobina Félicie (fl. 1322), Italian physician
Alessandra Giliani (fl. 1318), Italian anatomist
Rebecca de Guarna (14th century), Italian physician[2][3]
Heloise (12th century), French mathematician and physician[citation needed]
Herrad of Landsberg (c.1130–1195), German/French author of the encyclopedia and technological compendium Garden of Delight
Maria Incarnata, Italian surgeon[3]
Lilavati (c. 12th century), daughter featured in Bhāskara II's treatise on mathematics, who solves mathematical exercises
Margarita (14th century), Italian physician[3]
Thomasia de Mattio, Italian physician[3]
Mercuriade (14th century), Italian physician and surgeon[2]
Empress Theodora (500–545), Byzantine philosopher and mathematician[citation needed]
Trotula of Salerno (c. 1090), Italian physician
Walborg and Karin Jota (c. 1350), Swedish officials of the court
[edit]15th to 17th centuries
Anna Åkerhjelm (1647–1693), Swedish traveller and amateur archeologist.
Aphra Behn (1640–1689), British astronomer
Celia Grillo Borromeo (1684–1777), Italian natural philosopher
Sophia Brahe (1556–1643), Danish astronomer and chemist
Margaret Cavendish (1623–1673), natural philosopher
Isabella Cortese, (fl. 1561), Italian alchemist
Marie Crous (fl. 1640), French mathematician
Maria Cunitz (1610–1664), Silesian astronomer
Jeanne Dumée (fl. 1680), French astronomer
Maria Clara Eimmart (1676 - 1707), German astronomer.
Elisabeth of Bohemia, Princess Palatine (1618–1680), German natural philosopher
Beatriz Galindo (1465–1534), Spanish physician
Elisabetha Koopman Hevelius (1647–1693), astronomer, wife of Johannes Hevelius
Maria Sibylla Merian (1647–1717), naturalist
Tarquinia Molza (1542–1617), Italian natural philosopher
Elena Cornaro Piscopia (1646–1684), Italian mathematician and the first female PhD
Jane Sharp (fl. 1671), British midwife
Elinor Sneshell (fl. 1593), surgeon
[edit]18th century
Maria Gaetana Agnesi (1718–1799), Italian mathematician
Maria Pellegrina Amoretti (1756 - 1787), Italian lawyer
Maria Ardinghelli (1728–1825), Italian mathematician and physicist
Anna Atkins (1799–1871), British botanist
Giuseppa Eleonora Barbapiccola (c. 1702–1740), natural philosopher, translator
Laura Bassi (1711–1778), Italian physicist
Marie Marguerite Bihéron (1719-1795), French anatomist
Margaret Bryan (c. 1760–1815), British natural philosopher
Maria Christina Bruhn (1732–1802), Swedish inventor
Elsa Beata Bunge (1734–1819), Swedish botanist
Maria Medina Coeli (1764–1846), Italian physician.
Émilie du Châtelet (1706–1749), French mathematician and physicist
Jane Colden (1724–1766), American biologist
Maria Dalle Donne (1778–1842), Italian physician
Marie-Jeanne de Lalande (1760–1832), French astronomer
Johanna Eyreinov (fl. 1785), Russian matematician
Eva Ekeblad (1724–1786), Swedish agronomist
Dorothea Leporin Erxleben (1715–1762), German physician
Elizabeth Fulhame (fl. 1794), British chemist
Sophie Germain (1776–1831), elasticity theory, number theory
Lucia Galeazzi Galvani (1743–1788), Italian physician
Nicole-Reine Lepaute (1723–1792), French astronomer
Catherine Littlefield Greene (1755–1814), American inventor
Maria Lullin (1750-1831), Swiss entomologist.
Caroline Herschel (1750–1848), German-British astronomer
Josephine Kablick (1787–1863), Botanist
Maria Margarethe Kirch, (1670–1720), German astronomer
Marie Paulze Lavoisier (1758–1836), French chemist and illustrator
Anna Morandi Manzolini (1716–1774), Italian physician and anatomist
Sybilla Masters (1675-1720) patent for a corn mill
Maria Pettracini (1759–1791), Italian anatomist and physician
Louise du Pierry (1746– fl. 1807), French astronomer
Faustina Pignatelli (d. 1785), Italian physicist
Eliza Luca Pinckney (1723–1766) indigo dye pioneer
Christina Roccati (1732–1797) Italian physicist
Clotilde Tambroni (1758–1817), Italian philologist and linguistic
Petronella Johanna de Timmerman (1723–1786), Dutch scientist
Wang Zhenyi (astronomer) (1768–1797), Chinese astronomer
[edit]19th century
[edit]Anthropology
Alice Cunningham Fletcher (1838–1923), American ethnologist
Johanna Mestorf (1828–1909), German prehistoric archaeologist
Clémence Royer (1830–1902), French anthropologist
Ellen Churchill Semple (1863–1932), American geographer
Praskovja Uvarova (1840–1924), Russian archaeologist
[edit]Astronomy
Annie Jump Cannon (1863–1941), American astronomer
Agnes Mary Clerke (1842–1907), British astronomer
Florence Cushman American astronomer
Williamina Fleming (1857–1911), Scottish/American astronomer
Margaret Lindsay Murray Huggins (1848–1915), British astronomer
Henrietta Swan Leavitt (1868–1921), American astronomer
Annie Russell Maunder (1868–1947), Irish astronomer
Antonia Caetana Maury (1866–1952), American astronomer
Maria Mitchell (1818–1889), American astronomer
Caterina Scarpellini (1808–1873), Italian astronomer
Sarah Frances Whiting (1846–1927), American astronomer and physicist[4]
Mary Watson Whitney (1847–1921), American astronomer
Anna Winlock (1857–1904), American astronomer
[edit]Natural History or Biology
Elizabeth Cary Agassiz (1822–1907), American natural historian
Mary Anning (1799–1847), British natural historian
Isabella Bird Bishop (1831–1904), British natural historian
Mary Agnes Meara Chase (1869–1963), American biologist
Cornelia Clapp (1849–1934), American zoologist
Anna Botsford Comstock (1854–1930), American natural historian
Lydia Maria Adams DeWitt (1859–1928) American pathologist
Amalie Dietrich (1821–1891), German natural historian
Alice Eastwood (1859–1953), American biologist
Rosa Smith Eigenmann (1858–1947), American biologist
Gabrielle Howard (1876-1930), British plant physiologist
Ida Henrietta Hyde (1857–1945), American biologist
Helen Dean King (1869–1955), American biologist
Olive Thorne Miller (1831–1918), American natural historian
Mary Murtfeldt (1848–1913), American biologist
Eleanor Anne Ormerod (1828–1901), British biologist
Edith Marion Patch (1876–1954), American biologist
Beatrix Potter (1866–1943), British mycologist
Mary Jane Rathbun (1860–1943), American marine biologist
Ethel Sargant (1863–1918), British biologist
Annie Lorrain Smith (1854–1937), British lichenologist and mycologist
Nettie Stevens (1861–1912), American geneticist
Mary Treat (1830–1923), American naturalist
Jeanne Villepreux-Power (1794–1871), French marine biologist
[edit]Geology
Florence Bascom (1862–1945), American geologist
Etheldred Benett (1776–1845), British geologist
[edit]Chemistry
Louise Hammarström (1849–1917), Swedish chemist
Julia Lermontova (1846-1919), Russian chemist
Mary Engle Pennington (1872–1952), American chemist
Vera Popova (1867–1896), Russian chemist
Nadezhda Olimpievna Ziber-Shumova (d. 1914), Russian chemist
Anna Sundström (1785–1871), Swedish chemist
Ellen Swallow Richards (1842–1911), American industrial and environmental chemist
Anna Volkova (1800–1876), Russian chemist
[edit]Mathematics
Sofia Kovalevskaya (1850–1891), Russian mathematician (partial differential equations, rotating solids, Abelian functions)
Augusta Ada Byron Lovelace (1815–1851), British mathematician
Florence Nightingale (1820–1910), British statistician and nurse
[edit]Physics
Hertha Marks Ayrton (1854–1923), British physicist
Mileva Einstein-Maric (1875–1948), Serbian/Swiss physicist
Margaret Eliza Maltby (1860–1944), American physicist
Mary Somerville (1780–1872), British physicist
[edit]Psychology
Mary Whiton Calkins (1863–1930), American psychologist
Christine Ladd-Franklin (1847–1930), American psychologist
Margaret Floy Washburn (1871–1939), American psychologist
[edit]Science Education
Jane Webb Loudon (1807–1858), Writer of introductory gardening books
Jane Haldimand Marcet (1769–1858), Writer of introductory science books
Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps (1793–1884), American science educator
[edit]Inventors and Engineers
Ellen Eglui (19th century) inventor
Hanna Hammarström (1829–1909), Swedish inventor
Mary Kies (19th century), American inventor
Emily Roebling (1844–1903), American civil engineer
[edit]Medical Profession
Lovisa Årberg (1801–1881) first woman doctor and surgeon in Sweden
Elizabeth Garrett Anderson (1836–1917), British physician
Hedda Andersson (1861-1950), Swedish physician
Amalia Assur (1803–1889), Swedish dentist
Sara Josephine Baker (1873–1945), American doctor (child hygiene pioneer)
Elizabeth Blackwell (1821–1910), American physician
Emily Blackwell (1826–1910 ), American physician
Marie Gillain Boivin (1773–1841), French midwife
Maria Dalle Donne (1778–1842), Italian physician
Marie Durocher (1809–1893), Brazilian obstetrician, midwife and physician
Rosalie Fougelberg (1841–1911), Swedish dentist
Johanna Hedén (1837–1912), Swedish midwife, feldsher and barber.
Maria Jansson (1788–1842), known as Kisamor, Swedish physician
Sophia Jex-Blake (1840–1912), British physician
Emmy Rappe (1835–1896), Swedish nurse
Lucy Hobbs Taylor (1833–1910), American dentist
Isala Van Diest (1842–1916), first female medical doctor and female university graduate in Belgium
Mary Walker (1832–1919), American surgeon
Karolina Widerström (1856–1949), Swedish physician
[edit]20th century
[edit]Anthropology
Ruth Benedict (1887–1948), American anthropologist
Margaret Mead (1901-1978), American anthropologist
Camilla Wedgwood (1901-1955), British/Australian anthropologist
[edit]Archeology
Zsófia Torma (1832–1899), Hungarian archeologist, paleologist, anthropologist
[edit]Astronomy
Claudia Alexander, American planetary scientist
Mary Adela Blagg (1858–1944), British astronomer
Margaret Burbidge (1919–), British astrophysicist
Jocelyn Bell Burnell (1943–), British astrophysicist (discovery of radio pulsars)
Annie Jump Cannon (1863–1941), American astronomer
Janine Connes, French astronomer[5]
Heather Couper (1949–), British astronomer (astronomy popularisation, science education)
Sandra Faber (1944–), American Astronomer[6]
Pamela Gay, American astronomer
Martha Haynes, American astronomer
Lisa Kaltenegger - Austrian/American astronomer
Dorothea Klumpke (1861–1942), American-born astronomer
Henrietta Leavitt, (1868–1921), American astronomer (periodicity of variable stars)
Carolyn Porco (1953–), American planetary scientist
Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin (1900–1978), British-American astronomer
Vera Rubin (1928–), American astronomer[7]
Charlotte Moore Sitterly (1898–1990), American astronomer
Jill Tarter (1944–), American astronomer
Beatrice Tinsley (1941–1981), New Zealand astronomer and cosmologist
Beth Willman, American astronomer
Maria Zuber, American planetary scientist
[edit]Biology
June Almeida (1930–2007), British virologist
E. K. Janaki Ammal (1897–1984), Indian botanist
Caroline Austin, British molecular biologist[citation needed]
Yvonne Barr (1932–), British virologist (co-discovery of Epstein-Barr virus)
Gillian Bates, British geneticist (Huntingdon's disease)
Val Beral (1946–), British–Australian epidemiologist
Alice Middleton Boring (1883–1955), American biologist
Linda B. Buck (1947–), American neuroscientist (Nobel prize for olfactory receptors)
Martha Chase (1927–2003), American molecular biologist
Ursula M. Cowgill, American biologist and anthropologist
Suzanne Cory (1942–), Australian immunologist/cancer researcher
Gerty Theresa Cori (1896–1957), American biochemist (Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1947)
Janet Darbyshire, British epidemiologist
Dian Fossey (1932–1985), American zoologist [3]
Birutė Galdikas (1946–), German primatologist and conservationist
Jane Goodall (1934–), British biologist, primatologist
Susan Greenfield (1951–), British neurophysiologist (neurophysiology of the brain, popularisation of science)
Asha Kolte, Indian Biologist (1941–)[citation needed]
Misha Mahowald (1963–1996), American neuroscientist [4]
Lynn Margulis (1938–), American biologist
Barbara McClintock (1902–1992), American geneticist
Anne McLaren (1927–2007), British developmental biologist
Rita Levi-Montalcini (1909–), Italian neurologist (Nobel prize for growth factors)
Ann Haven Morgan (1882–1966), American zoologist
Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard (1942–), German geneticist and developmental biologist (Nobel prize for homeobox genes)
Daphne Osborne (1930–2006), British plant physiologist (plant hormones)
Theodora Lisle Prankerd (1878-1939), British botanist
Joan Beauchamp Procter (1897-1931), British zoologist (herpetologist)
F. Gwendolen Rees (1906–1994), British parasitologist
Anita Roberts (1942–2006), American molecular biologist, "mother of TGF-Beta"
Margaret A. Stanley, British virologist and epithelial biologist
Phyllis Starkey (1947–) British biochemist and medical researcher
Anna Stecksén (1870-1904), Swedish pathologist
Maria Telkes (1900–1995), Hungarian-American biophysicist
Karen Vousden, British cancer researcher
Jane C. Wright (1919-2013), American oncologist
[edit]Chemistry
Astrid Cleve (1875–1968), Swedish chemist
Maria Skłodowska-Curie (1867–1934), Polish-French chemist (pioneer in radiology, discovery of polonium and radium)
Gertrude B. Elion (1918–1999), American biochemist (Nobel prize for drug development)
Rosalind Franklin (1920–1957), British physical chemist and crystallographer
Ellen Gleditsch (1879–1968), Norwegian radiochemist[8]
Anna J. Harrison (1912–1998), American organic chemist
Clara Immerwahr (1870–1915), German chemist
Irène Joliot-Curie (1897–1956), French chemist and nuclear physicist
Stephanie Kwolek (1923–), American chemist, inventor of Kevlar
Maud Menten (1879–1960), Canadian biochemist
Ida Noddack Tacke (1896–1978), German chemist and physicist
Patsy Sherman (20th century), American chemist, co-inventor of Scotchgard
Darshan Ranganathan (1941-2001), Indian organic chemist
Jean Thomas, British biochemist (chromatin)
[edit]Geology
Zonia Baber (1862–1955), American geographer and geologist
Ethel Shakespear (1871–1946), English geologist
Marjorie Sweeting (1920–1994), British geomorphologist
[edit]Psychology
Lera Boroditsky, American psychologist
Helen Flanders Dunbar (1902–1959) important early figure in U.S. psychosomatic medicine[9]
Margo Wilson (1945–), Canadian evolutionary psychologist
Catherine G. Wolf (1947–), American psychologist and expert in human-computer interaction
Margaret Kennard (1899-1975) did pioneering research on age effects on brain damage, which produced early evidence for neuroplasticity
[edit]Mathematician or Computer Scientist
Hertha Marks Ayrton (1854–1923), British mathematician and electrical engineer (electric arcs, sand ripples, invention of several devices, geometry)
Mary L. Cartwright (1900–1998), British mathematician[10]
Amanda Chessell computer scientist
Ingrid Daubechies, (1954–) Belgian mathematician (Wavelets - first woman to receive the National Academy of Sciences Award in Mathematics)
Tatjana Ehrenfest-Afanassjewa (1876–1964), Russian/Dutch mathematician
Evelyn Boyd Granville (1924–), American mathematician, second African-American woman to get a Ph.D. in mathematics
Grace Hopper (1906–1992), American computer scientist
Rózsa Péter (1905–1977) Hungarian mathematician
Dorothy Wrinch (1894–1976), British mathematician and theoretical biochemist
[edit]Science Education
Susan Blackmore (1951–), British science writer (memetics, evolutionary theory, consciousness, parapsychology)
[edit]Engineer
Kate Gleason (1865–1933), American engineer
Frances Hugle (1927 – 1968) American engineer
Mary Olliden Weaver (20th century), inventor
[edit]Medical Professional
Dorothy Lavinia Brown (1919–2004), American surgeon
Margaret Chan (1947–), Chinese-Canadian health administrator; director of the World Health Organization
Eleanor Davies-Colley (1874–1934), British surgeon (first female FRCS)
Louisa Martindale (1872–1966), British surgeon
Fiona Wood, (1958–), British-Australian plastic surgeon
Claire Fagin, American health-care researcher
Elsie Widdowson (1908–2000), British nutritionist
[edit]Physics
Faye Ajzenberg-Selove (1926– ), American nuclear physicist, (2007 US National Medal of Science)[11]
Betsy Ancker-Johnson (1929–), American plasma physicist
Milla Baldo-Ceolin (1924–2011), Italian particle physicist[12]
Marietta Blau (1894–1970), German experimental particle physicist
Katharine Blodgett (1898–1979), American thin-film physicist[13]
Christiane Bonnelle, French spectroscopist[14]
Margrete Heiberg Bose, Danish physicist (active in Argentina from 1909)
Jenny Rosenthal Bramley (1909–1997), Lithuanian-American physicist,[15][16]
Harriet Brooks (1876–1933), American radiation physicist
A. Catrina Bryce (1956–), Scottish laser scientist
Nina Byers (1930–), American physicist[17]
Yvette Cauchois (1908–1999), French physicist[18]
Yvonne Choquet-Bruhat (1923–), French theoretical physicist[19]
Patricia Cladis (1937–), Canadian/American physicist[20]
Esther Conwell (1922–), American physicist, semiconductors[21]
Cécile DeWitt-Morette (1922–), French mathematician and physicist[22]
Louise Dolan, American mathematical physicist, theoretical particle physics and superstring theory
Nancy M. Dowdy (1938–), Nuclear physicist, arms control[23]
Mildred Dresselhaus (1930–), American physicist, graphite, graphite intercalation compounds, fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, and low dimensional thermoelectrics[24]
Helen T. Edwards (1936–), American physicist, Tevatron[25]
Magda Ericson (1929–), French nuclear physicist[26]
Ursula Franklin (1921–), Canadian metallurgist, research physicist, author and educator
Judy Franz (1938–), American physicst and educator[27]
Phyllis S. Freier (1921–1992), American astrophysicist[28]
Mary K. Gaillard (1939–), American theoretical physcist[29]
Fanny Gates (1872–1931), American physicist[30]
Claire F. Gmachl, American physicist
Maria Goeppert-Mayer (1906–1972), German-American physicist[31]
Gertrude Scharff Goldhaber (1911–1998), American nuclear physicist[32]
Sulamith Goldhaber (1923–1965), American high-energy physicist and molecular spectroscopist[33]
Gail Hanson (1947–), American high-energy physicist[34]
Margrete Heiberg Bose (1866–1952 ), Danish/Argentine physicist
Evans Hayward (1922–), American physicist[35]
Caroline Herzenberg (1932–), American physicist[36]
Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin (1910–1994), British X-ray crystallographer
Shirley Jackson (1946–), American nuclear physicist, president of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, first African-American woman to earn a doctorate from M.I.T.[37]
Bertha Swirles Jeffreys (1903–1999), British physicist[38]
Lorella M. Jones (1943–1995), American particle physicist [5]
Carole Jordan (1941–), British solar physicist
Renata Kallosh (1943–), Russian/American theoretical physicist[39]
Berta Karlik (1904–1990), Austrian physicist[40]
Bruria Kaufman (1918–2010 )[41]
Elizaveta Karamihailova (1897-1968), Bulgarian nuclear physicist
Marcia Keith (1859–1950)[42]
Ann Kiessling (1942–)
Margaret Kivelson (1928–)[43]
Noemie Benczer Koller (1933–)[44]
Ninni Kronberg (1874-1946), Swedish physiologist in nutrition
Doris Kuhlmann-Wilsdorf (1922–2010)[45]
Elizabeth Laird (physicist) (1874–1969)[46]
Juliet Lee-Franzini (1933–)[47]
Inge Lehmann (1888–1993)[48]
Kathleen Lonsdale (1903–1971)[49]
Margaret Eliza Maltby (1860–1944), American physicist[50]
Helen Megaw (1907–)[51]
Lise Meitner (1878–1968), Austrian nuclear physicist (pioneering nuclear physics, discovery of nuclear fission, protactinum, and the Auger effect)
Kirstine Meyer (1861–1941)[52]
Luise Meyer-Schutzmeister (1915–1981)[53]
Anna Nagurney Canadian-born, US operations researcher/management scientist focusing on networks
Chiara Nappi, Italian American physicist
Ann Nelson (1958–), American physicist
Marcia Neugebauer,[54]
Gertrude Neumark (1927–)[55]
Ida Tacke Noddack (1896–1979)[56]
Emmy Noether (1882–1935), German mathematician and theoretical physicist (symmetries and conservation laws)
Marguerite Perey (1909–1975)[57]
Melba Phillips (1907–2004)[58]
Agnes Pockels (1862–1935)[59]
[[Pelageya Polubarinova-Kochina] (1899–), Russian physicist[60]
Edith Quimby (1891–1982)[61]
Helen Quinn (1943–), American particle physicist[62]
Lisa Randall (1962–), American physicist
Myriam Sarachik (1933–), American physicist[63]
Bice Sechi-Zorn (1928–1984), Italian/American nuclear physicist[64]
Johanna Levelt Sengers, Dutch/American physicist[65]
Hertha Sponer (1895–1968), German/American physicist and chemist[66]
Isabelle Stone (1868–1944), American thin-film physicist and educator[67]
Katharine Way (1903–1995), American nuclear physicist[68]
Leona Woods (1919–1986), American nuclear physicist
Chien-Shiung Wu (1912–1997), Chinese-American physicist (nuclear physics, (non) conservation of parity)
Sau Lan Wu, Chinese-American particle physicist[69]
Xide Xie (Hsi-teh Hsieh) (1921–2000), Chinese physicist[70]
Rosalyn Sussman Yalow (1921–), American medical physicist (Nobel prize for radioimmunoassay)
[edit]See also
پاسخ با گفتآورد