Historically, in
physics,
hidden variable theories were espoused by some
physicists who argued that the
state of a physical system, as formulated by
quantum mechanics, does not give a complete description for the system; i.e., that quantum mechanics is ultimately incorrect, and that a correct theory would provide descriptive categories to account for
all observable behavior and thus avoid any
indeterminism. The existence of indeterminacy for some measurements is a characteristic of prevalent interpretations of quantum mechanics; moreover, bounds for indeterminacy can be expressed in a quantitative form by the
Heisenberg uncertainty principle.
Albert Einstein, the most famous proponent of hidden variables, objected to the fundamentally probabilistic nature of quantum mechanics,
[1] and famously declared "I am convinced God does not play dice".
[2] Einstein,
Podolsky, and
Rosen argued that "elements of reality" (hidden variables) must be added to quantum mechanics to explain
entanglement without
action at a distance.
[3][4] Later,
Bell's theorem would suggest (in the opinion of most physicists and contrary to Einstein's assertion) that
local hidden variables are impossible, leaving only nonlocal hidden variable theories as potentially viable. The most famous
nonlocal theory is
de Broglie-Bohm theory.
