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مزدك بامداد
03-20-2007
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Essential property صفت ذاتی :
First identified by Aristotle by who made the distinction between essential and accidental properties of an object. An essential property of an object is one that, if lost, would mean the object to cease being that type of object. For example, being unmarried is said to be an essential property of a bachelor.
Essence ذات :
In philosophy, essence is the attribute (or set of attributes) that make an object or substance what it fundamentally is, and that it has necessary, in contrast with accident, properties that the object or substance has contingently and without which the substance could have existed. The notion of essence has acquired many slightly but importantly different shades of meaning throughout the history of philosophy; most of them derive from its use by Aristotle and its evolution within the scholastic tradition.
Based on such considerations, essence was a key notion of alchemy (cf. quintessence).
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Modern Philosophy
In the modern period, some philosophers—such as George Santayana—have kept the vocabulary of essences but have abolished the distinction between essence and accidents. For Santayana, the essence of a being is simply everything about it, independent of the question of existence. Essence is what-ness as distinct from that-ness.
Existentialism
Existentialism is founded on Jean-Paul Sartre's statement that "existence precedes essence." In as much as "essence" is a cornerstone of all metaphysical philosophy and the grounding of Rationalism, Sartre's statement was a refutation of the philosophical system that had come before him (and, in particular, that of Husserl, Hegel, and Heidegger).
Instead of "is-ness" generating "actuality," he argued that existence
and actuality come first, and the essence is derived afterward.
In metaphysics
"Essence," in metaphysics, is often synonymous with the soul,
and some existentialists argue that individuals gain their souls and
spirits after they exist, that they develop their souls and spirits
during their lifetimes. For Kierkegaard, however, the emphasis was upon
essence as "nature." For him, there is no such thing as "human nature"
that determines how a human will behave or what a human will be. First,
he or she exists, and then comes attribute. Jean-Paul Sartre's
more materialist and skeptical existentialism furthered this
existentialist tenet by flatly refuting any metaphysical essence, any
soul, and arguing instead that there is merely existence, with
attributes as essence.
Thus, in existentialist discourse, essence can refer to physical aspect
or attribute, to the ongoing being of a person (the character or
internally determined goals), or to the infinite inbound within the
human (which can be lost, can atrophy, or can be developed into an
equal part with the finite), depending upon the type of existentialist
discourse.
Marxism's essentialism
Karl Marx was, along with Kierkegaard, a follower of Hegel's, and he, too, developed a philosophy in reaction to his master. In his early work, Marx used [url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle][u][color=#0000ff]Ar
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